Water Propagation of Houseplants – Guide to Rooting Cuttings in Water

Foliage Factory
2024-08-28T23:34:19+02:00

Watching roots appear in a clear jar is addictive — and it works. This guide shows which houseplants root best in water, how to take cuttings, keep water fresh, move roots to soil smoothly, and troubleshoot common problems fast.

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Why water propagation excites indoor gardeners

There’s something addictive about watching new roots form in a clear jar. It’s simple, it’s satisfying, and it turns plant care into a little daily science experiment. Instead of hiding a fresh cutting in soil, you let it float in water and watch the transformation happen in plain sight.

Water propagation doesn’t demand a fancy setup — a glass jar and fresh tap water will do. It’s especially forgiving with easy growers like pothos, heartleaf philodendron, or coleus. Along the way, you’ll pick up the rhythm: change the water before it turns cloudy, learn what healthy roots look like, and know the right moment to move your cutting into soil.

In this guide, we’ll cover:

Which plants root best in water (and which don’t)

How roots form, from invisible changes to visible growth

Step-by-step instructions for preparing and rooting cuttings

The safest way to move from water to soil

Common problems and how to fix them

By the end, you’ll know how to turn a simple cutting into a thriving plant — and maybe start your own windowsill jungle in the process.

This is the reward of patience in water propagation — watching clean, healthy roots form before the cutting ever touches soil.

Contents:

1. Understanding Water Propagation

2. Best Houseplants for Water Propagation

3. Plants That Don’t Thrive in Water

4. Root Formation Basics

5. Preparing and Taking Cuttings

6. Step-by-Step Water Propagation Method

7. Transferring from Water to Soil

8. Troubleshooting Common Water Propagation Problems

9. Conclusion & Key Takeaways

10. Glossary

11. Sources & Further Reading

1. Understanding Water Propagation

What it is

Water propagation means taking a stem or leaf cutting and encouraging it to grow roots while suspended in water. The new roots that form are called adventitious roots — roots that grow from the stem instead of the plant’s original root system.

Here’s the basic method:

1. Cut a healthy stem with at least one node (that’s where leaves emerge).

2. Remove any leaves that would sit underwater.

3. Place the node in a jar of room-temperature water.

Many soft-stemmed plants, including pothos, heartleaf philodendron, and Swedish ivy, root quickly with nothing more than this setup.

➜ How it differs from soil propagation

Soil offers structure, nutrients, and air pockets for roots. Water offers constant moisture but less oxygen. That difference affects two things:

Oxygen and water changes – Still water runs low on oxygen fast. Without fresh oxygen, rooting slows and rot risks rise. Change the water every 5–7 days to keep oxygen levels high and your cuttings healthy.

Root structure – Water roots grow differently from soil roots. They’re often smoother, with fewer root hairs, and can be more fragile when moved into soil. To reduce transplant shock, move cuttings when roots are 2–5 cm long and keep the new soil evenly moist until you see fresh leaf growth.

The three stages of root formation

When plant scientists talk about adventitious rooting, they describe three overlapping stages:

1. Induction – The cutting reacts to being cut. Cells at the base receive a “wound” signal, lose their original function, and become capable of forming roots. Nothing is visible yet.

2. Initiation – Root primordia (tiny bumps) form and start dividing, powered by stored sugars and hormones.

3. Expression – The primordia elongate into real roots, link into the plant’s vascular system, and break through the stem surface as visible white roots.

The plant hormone auxin drives these stages. When you cut a stem, auxin collects at the wound, signalling root cells to develop. Many leafy vines produce enough auxin naturally, but tougher semi-woody cuttings may root faster if dipped in a rooting powder.

Why choose water propagation?

You can see the process – No more guessing what’s happening underground.

It’s low-mess and low-cost – No soil spills, just a clean jar on the windowsill.

It’s quick for many plants – Some species produce roots in as little as two weeks.

It’s a great learning tool – Watching roots grow teaches how plants respond to light, water, and cuts. It’s also a fun, low-risk project for kids or beginners.

From pothos to tradescantia, these beginner-friendly plants show just how many species thrive when rooted in nothing more than fresh water and good light.

2. Best houseplants for water propagation

Not every plant will love life in a jar, but plenty will. The easiest candidates share three things:

Flexible, non-woody stems that stay soft rather than hardening into bark.

Visible nodes (the little “joints” where leaves or roots emerge).

A natural tendency to grow roots along the stem in the wild.

If your cutting ticks those boxes, you’ve already won half the battle. Here’s what works beautifully in water:

✓ Trailing and climbing vines

These plants grow fast and already have nodes just waiting to produce roots. Perfect for beginners.

Pothos (Epipremnum aureum) – Almost impossible to fail with. Each node will root in water, often in 7–14 days if the light is good.

Heartleaf philodendron (Philodendron hederaceum) – Soft stems, plenty of nodes, and a naturally forgiving nature make it a favourite.

Arrowhead plant (Syngonium podophyllum) – Single-node cuttings root easily and reward you with fresh leaves in weeks.

✓ Soft-stemmed foliage plants

Plants with fleshy, bendable stems often root quickly because their tissues respond well to water.

Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides) – A true speed-rooter; you might see roots within a week.

Swedish ivy (Plectranthus verticillatus) – Fast to root and easy to keep going; just refresh the water regularly.

✓ Colourful or patterned foliage

Who says your propagation jar has to be plain green?

Begonias (Begonia spp.) – Cane and rhizomatous types root in water, but they need frequent water changes to prevent rot.

Tradescantia (T. zebrina, T. fluminensis) – Striped, purple, or both — these vines root with ease and look striking through glass.

✓ Plants with aerial roots

Some species already produce “starter roots” along their stems, making the water transition even easier.

Monstera adansonii – Aerial roots in the cutting help it root faster and stronger.

Philodendron micans – Velvet leaves plus abundant aerial roots make for quick rooting and a gorgeous display.

💡 Why these succeed

More nodes = more rooting points – Each node is a potential root site.

Soft tissue adapts faster – Stems that aren’t woody can more easily switch to root production.

Tolerance for saturation – These species handle constant moisture without rotting.

Succulent propagation works best in dry, free-draining mix — fleshy Echeveria leaves rot quickly if submerged in water.

3. Plants that don’t thrive in water

Tempted to drop every cutting into a jar? Some plants will thank you for it — others will just rot. Before you start, check whether your plant falls into one of these no-go categories.

✗ Succulents and cacti

Think jade plants (Crassula), echeveria, kalanchoe, or most cacti. These store water in their leaves and stems, so submerging them is like drowning them — tissues swell, split, and rot fast. Iowa State University notes that most succulents simply won’t root in a glass of water.

Better method:

Let cuttings dry for a few days until the cut surface calluses over, then plant them in a coarse, free-draining mix (pumice or perlite works well). Keep the medium just barely moist until roots form.

✗ Woody or semi-woody stems

Plants like croton (Codiaeum variegatum), hibiscus, many ficus species, and citrus have tough, bark-covered stems. In water, they usually rot before they root. Missouri Botanical Garden explains that woody cuttings need well-aerated potting mix, bottom heat, and controlled humidity — water jars simply don’t offer that.

Better method:

Propagate in soil or by layering, not in water.

✗ Bulbous and tuberous houseplants

Amaryllis, caladium, Alocasia, and other bulb or tuber growers are designed for soil, not standing water. Their storage organs weaken if submerged for too long.

Better method:

Multiply these by dividing bulbs, corms, or tubers. Plant the dormant bulb about 1 cm below the soil surface in a lightly moist medium.

💡 Why forcing unsuitable plants often fails

Plants adapted to dry conditions or with woody stems lack the spongy aerenchyma tissue that helps some species move oxygen within their roots. Without enough oxygen, waterlogged cut surfaces invite bacteria and fungi — and that’s game over.

Stick to water-friendly plants for your jars, and use other propagation methods for these tricky types.

Quick Reference – Plants for Water Propagation

Before you start filling jars, it helps to know which plants are natural water-rooters and which will just sulk or rot. Here’s a side-by-side guide to make choosing easy — and to save you a few disappointments along the way.

Category | Common Name | Botanical Name | Notes
✓ Water-Friendly | Pothos | Epipremnum aureum | Roots in 7–14 days under good light
| Heartleaf philodendron | Philodendron hederaceum | Abundant nodes make rooting easy
| Arrowhead plant | Syngonium podophyllum | Single-node cuttings root well
| Coleus | Plectranthus scutellarioides | Roots can appear within a week
| Swedish ivy | Plectranthus verticillatus | Fast to root; needs regular water changes
| Cane & rhizomatous begonias | Begonia spp. | Change water frequently to prevent rot
| Tradescantia (Wandering Jew) | T. zebrina, T. fluminensis | Striking foliage; roots quickly
| Monstera adansonii | Monstera adansonii | Aerial roots speed up rooting
| Velvet-leaf philodendron | Philodendron micans | Attractive in jars; plentiful aerial roots
✗ Not Recommended | Jade plant | Crassula spp. | Rot risk; propagate in dry medium
| Echeveria | Echeveria spp. | Needs callusing before planting in soil
| Kalanchoe | Kalanchoe spp. | Store water in leaves; rot in jars
| Cacti | Various genera | Require dry rooting in coarse mix
| Croton | Codiaeum variegatum | Woody stems; better in soil or layering
| Hibiscus | Hibiscus spp. | Often rots in water; needs soil and humidity
| Ficus species | Ficus spp. | Woody stems; root better in soil
| Citrus | Citrus spp. | Requires soil, warmth, and humidity
| Amaryllis | Hippeastrum spp. | Propagate by bulb division
| Caladium | Caladium spp. | Best divided at tubers
| Alocasia (bulb/tuber types) | Alocasia spp. | Multiply via corms or bulbs, not cuttings

Keep this list handy — it’s your shortcut to matching the right plant with the right method. If your plant’s in the “Not Recommended” list, skip the jar and use soil or division instead.

Adventitious roots formed in water — each plant type shows unique root thickness, branching, and colour as they mature.

4. Root formation basics and hormone influences

When you take a cutting, you’re not just removing a piece of a plant — you’re triggering a whole chain of internal changes. The stem cells at that cut site get a new job: become roots.

Understanding this process makes you a better propagator. You’ll know what’s normal, what’s a problem, and why some myths don’t match reality.

Three phases of adventitious root formation

1. Induction – Right after you make the cut, the cells at the base get a “wound” signal. They drop their original role and become root competent — ready to start a new growth program. Nothing is visible yet.

2. Initiation – Root primordia (tiny pre-root bumps) begin forming and dividing, powered by stored sugars and plant hormones.

3. Expression – The primordia elongate into full roots, connect with the stem’s vascular system, and finally break through the surface as visible, pale roots.

The key hormone here is auxin. Cutting the stem causes auxin to pool at the wound site, flipping the switch for root growth. Most soft-stemmed vines make enough auxin on their own, but semi-woody cuttings can benefit from a quick dip in rooting powder.

➜ Why water-grown roots differ

Roots grown in water aren’t identical to those grown in soil. Extension specialists note they usually:

Have fewer root hairs

Are smoother and less branched

Can be more fragile when moved into soil

Because water holds less oxygen than soil, still water quickly runs low, which slows rooting. This is why fresh, oxygen-rich water changes are essential.

Some plants can adapt by forming spongy aerenchyma tissue in their roots to move oxygen internally — but most houseplants can’t. The safer bet: keep the water fresh and well-oxygenated.

💡 Hormones beyond auxin

You might hear about cytokinin and gibberellin in plant growth. Here’s the quick version:

High auxin relative to cytokinin = more root formation

High cytokinin = encourages shoots instead of roots

Too much gibberellin can actually slow rooting

📌 For most home gardeners, the takeaway is simple:

Give the cutting bright, indirect light so it can photosynthesise

Keep it clean and healthy from the start

For tougher stems, try a rooting powder with synthetic auxin — you don’t need to tinker with other hormones

Sterilising tools before taking cuttings helps prevent bacterial and fungal infections during water propagation.

5. Preparing and taking cuttings

Water propagation success starts long before the jar. A strong cutting, taken the right way, will root faster, resist rot, and adapt better to soil later. Here’s how to set yourself up for a win.

1. Choose a healthy shoot

Look for a stem that’s pest-free, disease-free, and has at least one solid node.

Skip soft, floppy tips — they rot too easily.

Avoid old, woody stems — they root slowly.

Semi-mature growth hits the sweet spot between tenderness and durability. If you can, include two or three nodes in your cutting.

2. Decide on size and leaf count

For most vining or soft-stemmed plants, a 10–15 cm cutting works best. Keep two or three leaves.

Too many leaves = more water loss through transpiration.

Too few leaves = less photosynthesis to fuel rooting.

3. Use sharp, clean tools

Sterilise scissors or pruners with 70% isopropyl alcohol or a 1:10 bleach solution before cutting. A clean, sharp cut:

Reduces tissue damage

Lowers the risk of bacteria or fungi entering

4. Cut just below a node

Nodes contain meristematic cells — the root-makers. Cut right beneath one, at a slight angle:

Increases surface area for water uptake

Prevents blockage in the xylem (the plant’s water transport system)

5. Remove lower leaves

Anything that would sit underwater should go. Submerged leaves rot and feed bacteria. For plants with large leaves (like syngonium), you can trim them in half along the main vein — this reduces water loss without hurting the cutting.

6. Optional: add rooting hormone

Most soft-stemmed plants root fine without it. For semi-woody species or if you’ve had slow results before, dip the cut end in a water-safe rooting powder with synthetic auxin. Shake off any excess before placing in water.

7. Timing matters

Take cuttings when the plant is actively growing and well-hydrated — late spring through early autumn is ideal for most tropical houseplants. Avoid cutting right after repotting or during plant stress; they need energy reserves to form roots.

Starting below the node sets your cutting up for success — this stem section holds the dormant cells that will develop into strong, healthy roots in water.

6. Step-by-step guide to water propagation

Your cutting’s prepped — now it’s time to get it growing. This is where your jar becomes a mini root factory.

1. Pick the right container

A clear glass jar is perfect for watching progress.

Avoid copper or reactive metals — they can harm roots.

A narrow neck helps hold the cutting upright, while a wide mouth improves oxygen exchange.

2. Use fresh water

Fill with room-temperature tap water. If your tap water is heavily chlorinated, let it sit for 24 hours before use.

Submerge at least one node.

Keep all leaves above the waterline.

3. Position the cutting

Place the cut end and node below water. If it flops, support it:

Mesh lid

Floral frog

Gentle twist of wire

These keep stems upright without crushing them.

4. Give it good light

Bright, indirect light fuels photosynthesis without overheating the jar or encouraging algae. Avoid direct sun hitting the glass — it can cook the cutting.

5. Keep the water fresh

Change it every 3–5 days to:

Replenish oxygen

Reduce bacteria

Wash away biofilm or algae

Extra tip: a small aquarium bubbler can boost dissolved oxygen for fussier species.

6. Watch for progress

Fast-rooting species can show tiny white bumps within 1–2 weeks.

Healthy water roots = cream-coloured, firm, branching over time

Unhealthy roots = brown, mushy, or foul-smelling

7. Be patient

Wait until roots are 2–5 cm long and starting to branch before transplanting.

Potting too early = roots can’t keep up in soil

Waiting too long = water roots struggle to adapt to soil

For a decorative display, group several cuttings in one larger vessel — just make sure leaves stay dry and stems have space.

Ideal Rooting Conditions for Water Propagation

Once your cutting’s in water, the right light, warmth, and maintenance schedule make all the difference. Use this chart to fine-tune your setup for the species you’re rooting — and get healthier roots, faster.

Plant | Light | Temperature | Water Change Frequency | Notes
Pothos (Epipremnum aureum) | Bright, indirect | 21–27 °C | Every 5–7 days | Very forgiving; roots in 1–2 weeks
Heartleaf philodendron (Philodendron hederaceum) | Bright, indirect | 21–27 °C | Every 5–7 days | Abundant nodes speed rooting
Arrowhead plant (Syngonium podophyllum) | Bright, indirect | 21–27 °C | Every 5 days | Trim large leaves to reduce water loss
Coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides) | Bright, indirect | 21–27 °C | Every 3–5 days | Extremely fast to root
Swedish ivy (Plectranthus verticillatus) | Bright, indirect | 21–27 °C | Every 5 days | Prevent rot with frequent changes
Cane & rhizomatous begonias (Begonia spp.) | Bright, indirect | 21–25 °C | Every 3–5 days | Sensitive to rot — keep water fresh
Tradescantia (T. zebrina, T. fluminensis) | Bright, indirect | 21–27 °C | Every 5 days | Vibrant foliage looks great in jars
Monstera adansonii (Monstera adansonii) | Bright, indirect | 22–27 °C | Every 5 days | Aerial roots boost speed and strength
Velvet-leaf philodendron (Philodendron micans) | Bright, indirect | 21–27 °C | Every 5 days | Velvet leaves stay ornamental in water

💡 Treat these numbers as a starting point, not a rigid rulebook. Your home’s microclimate might be a little warmer, cooler, brighter, or dimmer — adjust as you observe how your cuttings respond.

📌 Unsure if your cuttings are getting the right light? This guide explains exactly what “bright, indirect” really means.

📌 Cuttings root best with the right light — here’s how to prevent legginess and keep new growth strong.

Mature, branching roots are a sign the cutting can adapt to soil — transfer before they become brittle or tangled.

7. Transferring from water to soil

Water roots are built for a life in… well, water. Moving them into soil is like asking a snorkeler to run a marathon — they need time to adapt. The right timing and a gentle hand will make the transition smooth.

➜ When to transplant

Root length – Aim for roots 5–10 cm long with some branching.

Colour & texture – Healthy water roots are pale and firm. Move them before they get brittle or start tangling.

New growth – Fresh leaves or shoots mean the cutting is actively photosynthesising and ready to support itself in soil.

➜ Choosing pot & mix

Pot size – Just slightly bigger than the root mass. Oversized pots stay wet for too long and risk rot.

Drainage – Always have a drainage hole. Poor drainage is the fastest way to lose water-rooted cuttings.

Soil mix – Use a light, airy mix.

For tropical houseplants: peat + perlite

For aroids like monstera or philodendron: add some orchid bark

No fertiliser at first – Wait 2–3 weeks before feeding. Freshly transferred roots are sensitive to salts.

➜ The transfer process

1. Pre-moisten the soil – Damp, not soggy. Think “wrung-out sponge.”

2. Handle roots gently – Lift the cutting from water, guide roots into the pot without bending or snapping them.

3. Plant at the right depth – Keep the node just under the soil surface. Firm the mix gently around the roots.

4. Water lightly – Even moisture is key. After the first watering, let the top 2–3 cm of soil dry slightly before watering again.

5. Provide humidity – Aim for 50–70% humidity for the first week. Avoid harsh midday sun until the plant is actively growing.

💡 Tip: It’s normal for some water roots to die back as the plant develops new soil roots. The important thing is steady moisture and avoiding overwatering.

📌 When it’s time to pot up, choosing the right substrate is everything — here’s how to match mix to plant.

Browned roots in water propagation may indicate stagnant water, oxygen shortage, or early signs of rot.

8. Troubleshooting common problems

Even with the best setup, water propagation can throw you a curveball. The good news? Most issues have simple fixes once you know what’s going wrong.

❗Problem | ➜ Likely Causes | ✓ Fix

Stems turning brown or mushy

- Bacterial or fungal infection from decaying leaves/stems

- Oxygen levels too low from stagnant water

- Trim away rotting parts with a sterile tool

- Refresh water and clean jar

- Keep only the node submerged (leaves above water)

- Change water more often

Roots forming very slowly

- Not enough light

- Low temperatures

- Naturally slow-rooting species

- Move to bright, indirect light

- Keep temperature at 21–27 °C

- For semi-woody cuttings, dip in rooting hormone

Algae growth in the jar

- Too much direct sunlight on the jar

- Nutrient build-up from decaying plant matter

- Clean container and refill with fresh water

- Move to bright but filtered light

- Use opaque or tinted container if algae persists

Leaves wilting or yellowing

- Too much leaf area → excess water loss

- Root rot

- Natural shedding of older leaves

- Remove 1–2 leaves to reduce transpiration

- Check roots, trim rotten parts

- Ensure at least one healthy leaf remains

Roots blackening after transfer to soil

- Overwatering in the new pot

- Shock from sudden environmental change

- Water less often; allow top soil to dry slightly between waterings

- Maintain stable light and humidity during adjustment

💡 Extra tip: Keep a propagation journal. Note species, water change dates, and rooting timelines. Over time, you’ll spot patterns and learn exactly what works best in your home’s conditions.

📌 Not sure if your cutting’s in trouble? Learn how to spot, treat, and prevent root rot before it spreads.

Aerial roots give Monstera cuttings a head start, reducing rooting time in water.

9. Conclusion – Root your passion

Water propagation gives you a front-row seat to one of nature’s quietest transformations. From the moment you drop a cutting into a jar to the day it’s thriving in soil, you’re not just growing plants — you’re learning their rhythms.

If you:

Choose species adapted to rooting in water

Prepare cuttings with care

Keep the water clean and oxygen-rich

Move them to soil at the right time

…success is almost inevitable.

📌 Key points to remember:

Match method to plant – Soft-stemmed, node-rich plants like pothos, philodendron, and tradescantia root quickly in water. Succulents, woody shrubs, and bulb growers do better with other methods.

Support every rooting phase – During induction and initiation, keep the cutting clean, hydrated, and oxygenated. After moving to soil, give steady light and gentle humidity.

Protect water roots – Handle them gently and acclimate them slowly to soil to avoid shock.

Prevent problems early – Fresh water, clean jars, and the right light and temperature keep most issues from starting at all.

Ready to start your own propagation project?

Pick a healthy cutting from your favourite houseplant, pop it in a jar of fresh water, and watch the first roots appear in days.

And if you want to turn your windowsill into a full-blown propagation station, browse our carefully curated supplies — so you can grow more plants, share them with friends, and build the indoor jungle you’ve been dreaming of.

Newly formed water roots — firm, pale, and unblemished — are a sign of healthy propagation progress.

10. Glossary – Key Terms in Water Propagation

Term | Definition
Adventitious roots | Roots that form from stems, leaves, or other non-root tissues — the type produced by cuttings in water.
Aerenchyma | Plant tissue with air spaces that helps move oxygen internally, useful for plants in waterlogged conditions.
Auxin | A plant hormone that triggers and regulates root growth, naturally produced but also available in rooting powders.
Cytokinin | Plant hormone that promotes shoot growth; high levels compared to auxin can slow root development.
Gibberellin | Growth hormone that stimulates stem elongation; excess amounts can inhibit rooting in cuttings.
Meristematic tissue | Zones of actively dividing cells (in nodes, buds, root tips) responsible for new growth.
Node | The part of a stem where leaves, roots, or branches can emerge; essential for successful propagation.
Photosynthesis | The process plants use to turn light, water, and carbon dioxide into energy for growth.
Primordia | Tiny, undeveloped root or shoot structures that can grow into full roots or stems.
Root hairs | Fine extensions from roots that absorb water and nutrients; water-grown roots usually have fewer of these.
Rooting hormone | Product containing synthetic auxin to encourage faster or stronger root formation.
Semi-woody stem | Stem that has partially hardened; usually slower to root than soft-stemmed plants.
Transpiration | The loss of water from plant leaves through small pores called stomata.

11. Sources and Further Reading

Ayi, Q., Zeng, B., Liu, J., Li, S., van Bodegom, P. M., & Cornelissen, J. H. C. (2016). Oxygen absorption by adventitious roots promotes the survival of completely submerged terrestrial plants. Annals of Botany, 118(4), 675–683. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw051

Begonia Society. (n.d.). Vegetative propagation. American Begonia Society. Retrieved August 8, 2025, from https://www.begonias.org/vegetative-propagation/

Druege, U., Hilo, A., Pérez-Pérez, J. M., Klopotek, Y., & Acosta, M. (2019). Molecular and physiological control of adventitious rooting in cuttings: Phytohormone action meets resource allocation. Annals of Botany, 123(6), 929–949. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy234

Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. (2025, January). Growing philodendrons at home. Yard and Garden. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/how-to/growing-philodendrons-home

Maryland Grows. (2017, November 20). Make more plants from cuttings: 5 plants that root easily in water. University of Maryland Extension. https://marylandgrows.umd.edu/2017/11/20/make-more-plants-from-cuttings-5-plants-that-root-easily-in-water/

Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Rooting cuttings in water [Visual guide]. Retrieved August 8, 2025, from https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home-gardener/advice-tips-resources/visual-guides/rooting-cuttings-in-water

Missouri University Extension. (n.d.). Home propagation of houseplants. University of Missouri Extension. Retrieved August 8, 2025, from https://extension.missouri.edu

Penn State Extension. (n.d.). Propagating houseplants. Penn State Extension. https://extension.psu.edu/propagating-houseplants

University of Nevada, Reno Extension. (n.d.). Propagating houseplants. https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=3384

Virginia Cooperative Extension. (2019). Propagation by cuttings, layering and division (Publication 426-001). Virginia Tech. https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/426/426-002/426-002.html

Zhou, Y., Wang, C., Tang, Q., Wang, M.-H., & Li, M.-H. (2024). Morphological responses of root hairs to changes in soil and climate depend on plant life form. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 7, Article 1324405. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1324405