Comprehensive FAQ Guide for Hoya Plant Care: Tips, Troubleshooting & Growth

Foliage Factory
2024-08-18T00:00:00+02:00

Don’t want to scroll through another care essay? This Hoya FAQ delivers straight answers on light, watering, leaf issues, sun stress, pests, propagation, repotting, pruning, and getting blooms.

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Your Ultimate Hoya FAQ Care Guide 🌿

➜ Don’t like scrolling through endless care blogs?

You’re in the right place. This guide answers the most common (and uncommon) questions about growing Hoya plants — clearly, directly, and based on real experience.

From lighting and watering to propagation, pruning, sun stress, pests, and species-specific quirks — it’s all here in FAQ format. Whether you’re stuck with a stubborn Hoya kerrii or trying to figure out why your carnosa won’t bloom, this guide has you covered.

➜ Looking for a full-length care deep-dive?

Check out our companion article: Hoya Happiness: Guide to Growing and Caring for Hoya Plants Indoors – a super-detailed, complete reference for all Hoya lovers.

📌 Quick FAQ Navigation:

🌿 General Hoya Care

🍃 Leaf Issues, Growth Problems & Sun Stress

🐛 Pests & Disease Solutions

🌱 Hoya Propagation & Repotting

🌸 Blooming, Climbing & Species Differences

🍂 Pruning, Color Changes & Leaf Appearance

🚫 Toxicity, Lifespan & Collector FAQs

Healthy Hoya sp. Sarawak Cream showing subtle sun stress — a perfect start to any Hoya journey.

🌿 General Hoya Plant Care: FAQs for Daily Success

What kind of light do Hoya plants need?

Hoyas thrive in bright, indirect light. Avoid intense direct sun, especially in summer, which can scorch leaves. South- or west-facing windows with filtered light work well. If your Hoya gets too little light, growth slows, and blooming won’t happen.

Can I grow my Hoya in low light?

Hoyas can tolerate low light but will become leggy and bloom poorly. For compact growth and flowers, aim for 6–8 hours of bright indirect light daily. Use grow lights in dim spaces.

How do I know if my Hoya is getting enough light?

Look for these signs:

✅ Healthy, firm leaves with deep green or variegated tones

❌ Leggy stems or sparse foliage = not enough light

❌ Scorched or yellow patches = too much direct sun

How often should I water a Hoya?

Water when the top 2–3 cm of soil feels dry. Most Hoyas prefer to dry out slightly between waterings. This usually means every 7–14 days depending on the season, pot size, and environment.

Can I bottom-water my Hoya?

Yes, as long as you drain off excess water after 15–30 minutes. Bottom watering helps prevent overwatering but don't let the pot sit in water.

What happens if I overwater my Hoya?

Overwatering leads to:

Yellowing leaves

Mushy stems

Root rot (smelly, black roots)

💡 Use a well-draining mix and let the soil dry out between waterings. We recommend: Watering Houseplants: The Ultimate Guide.

What happens if I underwater my Hoya?

Underwatered Hoyas show:

Wrinkled or thin leaves

Drooping stems

Slowed growth

💡 Water thoroughly when the soil is dry, and soak until water drains out the bottom.

What’s the ideal temperature for Hoya plants?

Most Hoyas like 18–26°C. Avoid cold drafts or temps below 10°C, which can damage leaves or cause them to drop.

Can Hoyas handle heatwaves or cold snaps?

Hoyas dislike extremes. During heatwaves, increase humidity and airflow. In winter, keep them away from radiators and drafty windows.

How much humidity do Hoyas need?

Ideal: 60–70% humidity.

They tolerate lower levels, but dry air can cause:

Brown leaf tips

Slower growth

Misshapen or dull new leaves

📌 Want to increase humidity for your houseplants, but you don't know how? Read our post: Mastering Humidity for Healthier Houseplants

How can I increase humidity around my Hoya?

Use a humidifier

Place the pot on a tray of pebbles and water (pot above waterline)

Group plants together

📌 For more detailed information and all pros and cons of the methods above, read our post: Mastering Humidity for Healthier Houseplants

What type of soil mix is best for Hoyas?

1 part orchid bark

1 part perlite

1 part high-quality potting mix

💡 Avoid peat-heavy soil. You can also use a cactus/succulent mix with added bark or charcoal.

Can I grow Hoyas in semi-hydroponics (LECA or pon)?

Absolutely. Hoyas adapt well to inert substrates like LECA or pon.

Make sure:

The reservoir has clean water

Roots don't sit in stagnant water

You provide enough humidity during the transition

How often should I fertilize my Hoya?

Feed monthly with a diluted balanced liquid fertilizer during active growth. Look for NPK ratios like 10-10-10 or 7-9-5. Reduce frequency if growth slows but don’t stop completely.

Can I use bloom boosters on Hoyas?

Yes, phosphorus-forward bloom fertilizers (e.g. 5-10-5) can encourage flowering — especially when light and humidity needs are met.

Do Hoyas need pruning?

Yes — pruning:

Encourages bushier growth

Controls leggy vines

Helps with light penetration

✅ Always cut just above a node.

🍃 Leaf Issues, Growth Problems & Sun Stress: Hoya FAQs

Why are my Hoya’s leaves turning yellow?

Yellow leaves usually mean overwatering.

But it could also be:

Sudden environmental changes

Old leaf age (lower leaves)

Nutrient deficiency

💡 Check root health and moisture levels. Only water once the top few centimeters are dry.

Why are the tips or edges of my Hoya’s leaves brown?

This is a sign of low humidity or underwatering.

Other possible causes:

Salt buildup from fertilizer

Hard tap water

Fixes:

Increase humidity

Switch to filtered water

Flush the soil monthly with clean water

📌 Learn all about water and houseplants, including how to water them properly and how to provide them with perfect humidity levels in our Water Section.

Why are my Hoya’s leaves wrinkled or shriveled?

Wrinkling = dehydration.

Common causes:

Underwatering

Transition to dry air

Root damage

💡 Give a full watering and increase humidity. If roots are healthy, leaves will plump back up.

📌 Learn all about water and houseplants, including how to water them properly and how to provide them with perfect humidity levels in our Water Section.

Why is my Hoya drooping?

Could be:

Too dry — soil bone-dry and leaves limp

Too wet — soggy soil, yellowing

Check soil moisture before adjusting. Both extremes stress Hoyas.

Why is my Hoya not growing?

Slow or stalled growth can be caused by:

Low light

Insufficient nutrients

Rootbound pot

Seasonal slowdown (in winter)

Fixes:

Give more bright, indirect light

Fertilize monthly

Repot if rootbound (tight rootball, roots circling)

Why isn’t my Hoya blooming?

Blooming depends on:

Age and maturity (can take years)

Strong light — at least 6–8 hours daily

Stability — moving the plant can cause bud drop

Feeding — phosphorus-rich fertilizer can help

Also:

❗ Don’t remove peduncles — Hoyas bloom from the same ones over and over.

What is a peduncle, and why is it important?

A peduncle is the short flower stem where blooms grow. Hoyas rebloom from the same peduncle every cycle. Never cut them off, even when flowers fade.

Why does my Hoya have small leaves?

Small leaves are often due to:

Low light

Nutrient deficiency

Young or immature plant

💡 Feed monthly and move to a brighter spot.

Why are my Hoya’s leaves pale or dull?

Could be:

Low light

Nutrient deficiency

Hard water deposits blocking leaf pores

Fixes:

Improve lighting

Use filtered water

Fertilize monthly with a balanced formula

Why are my Hoya’s leaves curling?

Curling can mean:

Sudden temperature drop

Overwatering

Root rot

Thrips or spider mites

💡 Inspect closely and adjust care as needed.

What is sun stress in Hoyas?

Sun stress happens when Hoyas are exposed to high light levels, especially with warmth and dry air. It’s common in:

Hoya carnosa

Hoya callistophylla

Hoya 'Sunrise'

Signs of sun stress:

Leaves turn red, purple, or bronze

Growth slows

Texture becomes thicker or firmer

💡 Some growers intentionally sun-stress Hoyas for dramatic colors, but it’s a fine balance — too much = leaf burn.

Is sun stress harmful for Hoyas?

✅ Mild sun stress = harmless and sometimes beautiful.

❌ Severe stress = burns, dehydration, stunted growth.

⚠️ If you see crispy brown edges or white spots, reduce light.

This sun-stressed Hoya undulata shows how coloration changes under intense light — beautiful, but borderline.

🐛 Pests, Sticky Leaves & Disease Problems: Hoya FAQs

What pests commonly affect Hoya plants?

Hoyas are relatively resistant, but they can still get:

Mealybugs – white, cotton-like clusters in leaf joints

Spider mites – webbing and pale, speckled leaves

Thrips – silver streaks, black specks (frass), deformed new growth

Aphids – small green/black bugs on new shoots

Fungus gnats – tiny flies from wet soil

💡 Regularly inspect the undersides of leaves and stem nodes.

📌 For more info and pest management tips for your houseplant head to our Pest Control Section.

How do I treat mealybugs on my Hoya?

Dab visible mealybugs with rubbing alcohol on a cotton swab

Spray the entire plant with insecticidal soap or neem oil

Isolate the plant to prevent spreading

💡 Repeat every 5–7 days until the infestation is gone.

What should I do if my Hoya has spider mites?

Rinse the plant with lukewarm water

Increase humidity (mites thrive in dry air)

Treat with neem oil or use biological pest control

Repeat weekly for 2–3 cycles.

How do I treat thrips on my Hoya?

Remove damaged leaves

Use insecticidal soap, neem, or engage help of predatory mites

Increase humidity and airflow

❗ Thrips are persistent. Treat over several weeks and consider systemic insecticides if the infestation is severe.

Why are my Hoya’s leaves sticky?

Two common causes:

Pests like mealybugs or aphids excrete “honeydew” (sugary residue)

Some Hoyas (especially Hoya lacunosa, Hoya bella) naturally produce nectar from flowers or leaf nodes

✅ If there are no pests and your plant is flowering, it’s normal.

📌 Read how to tell the difference between nectar and honeydew in our Sticky Houseplant post.

How do I clean sticky Hoya leaves?

Wipe gently with a damp cloth and mild soap

Rinse off any residue with clean water

Avoid using harsh cleaners — they can damage leaves

What are the white spots on my Hoya’s leaves?

Check for:

❌ Mealybugs = cottony, raised spots

❌ Powdery mildew = dusty-looking white coating

❌ Hard water buildup = flat, crusty spots

Solutions:

Treat pests/fungus with neem, insecticidal soap, or use beneficial insects

Use filtered or rainwater to avoid mineral deposits

What diseases affect Hoyas?

Most common issues:

Root rot – black mushy roots, yellowing or collapsing leaves

Fungal leaf spot – brown or black lesions, sometimes with yellow halos

Botrytis (grey mold) – fuzzy mold on stems or leaves in damp conditions

Prevent by:

Allowing soil to dry between waterings

Ensuring good airflow

Avoiding stagnant humidity

📌 Learn all about water and houseplants, including how to water them properly and how to provide them with perfect humidity levels in our Water Section.

How can I prevent root rot in my Hoya?

Use well-draining soil

Let soil dry before watering again

Make sure pots have drainage holes

Avoid “just in case” watering

📌 We recommend: Root Rot: Treatment & Prevention for Houseplants

How do I treat root rot in Hoyas?

Remove plant from soil

Trim all mushy or blackened roots

Wash the root system with clean water

Repot in fresh, dry, airy soil

Reduce watering until plant re-establishes

A freshly rooted cutting — the first step to growing new Hoyas with confidence.

🌱 Hoya Propagation, Rooting & Repotting: FAQs for Growth

How can I propagate a Hoya plant?

The most reliable method is stem cuttings with at least one node. You can root them in:

Water

Sphagnum moss

Semi-hydroponics (LECA or pon)

Airy soil mix (bark + perlite)

💡 No node = no roots. Hoyas can’t root from single leaves alone.

Can I root Hoya cuttings in water?

Yes. Water propagation is easy:

Cut just below a node

Place in clean water

Keep in bright, indirect light

Change water every 3–5 days

💡 Once roots reach 3–5 cm, transition to soil or substrate gradually.

How long does it take for Hoya cuttings to root?

Usually 4–6 weeks, depending on:

Species

Light

Humidity

Temperature

💡 Slow-rooting types (like Hoya kerrii) may take longer.

Can I propagate Hoyas in sphagnum moss?

Yes, and it’s great for high humidity rooting. Wrap the cutting in moist moss and place in a closed container or bag for humidity. Keep the moss slightly damp — not wet.

Can I propagate Hoyas in LECA or pon?

Absolutely. Rooting in inert substrate is clean and effective:

Rinse and soak LECA/pon first

Use a nursery pot with a reservoir

Keep humidity high

Once rooted, feed with diluted hydroponic nutrients monthly.

How do I transfer Hoya cuttings from water to soil?

Wait until roots are 3–5 cm

Plant in moist, airy soil

Keep humidity high for 1–2 weeks

Water more frequently at first to help roots adjust

What should I do if my Hoya cutting rots?

Trim away all rotted tissue, sterilize the cutting tools, and restart the process with:

Fresh water or moss

High airflow

Clean environment

💡 Rot usually comes from bacteria (contaminated tools or containers), excessive moisture, or poor air circulation.

Can I grow a Hoya from just a leaf?

No. Hoya leaves without nodes won’t root or grow. You must include at least one leaf + node segment for successful propagation.

When should I repot my Hoya plant?

Repot only when:

The plant is rootbound (tight roots, circling, roots growing out the bottom)

Water runs straight through without soaking in

Soil becomes compacted or breaks down

💡 Most Hoyas only need repotting every 2–3 years.

Do Hoyas like being rootbound?

Yes — slightly rootbound Hoyas bloom better and are less prone to overwatering. Don’t size up too fast.

What pot size should I use when repotting a Hoya?

Choose a pot 1–2 cm wider than the current one. Too big = too much moist soil = root rot risk.

What should I do if my Hoya’s roots are tangled?

Gently tease them apart before repotting

If they’re too tight, trim some older roots (never cut healthy white roots)

Avoid overhandling thin-rooted Hoyas like Hoya linearis

Training your Hoya vine helps it thrive — and encourages those long-awaited blooms.

🌸 Hoya Growth, Blooming & Species-Specific Care: Advanced FAQs

How can I encourage my Hoya to bloom?

Blooms come from a combo of:

Bright, indirect light (6–8 hours daily)

Consistent care — stable watering, humidity, and temperature

Maturity — some species don’t bloom until they’re a few years old

Stress triggers — mild drought or rootbinding can push flowering

➜ Optional: Use a bloom fertilizer (e.g. 5-10-5) in spring/summer.

📌 Want to know EXACTLY how much light is 'Plenty of bright, indirect light'?

We have you covered - Read our comprehensive article on creating the right light conditions indoors: Bright Indirect Light for Houseplants.

How long do Hoya flowers last?

Most last 1–2 weeks, but some varieties can keep blooms for up to 3 weeks if left undisturbed. Pro tip: Don’t move the plant while it’s blooming — Hoyas hate being disturbed mid-cycle.

Can I remove faded Hoya blooms or flower stalks?

Remove spent flowers, but never cut the peduncle (flower stalk).

Hoyas rebloom from the same peduncle each year.

How do I support my climbing Hoya?

Use:

Trellis

Bamboo stake

Moss pole

Wall hooks for trailing vines

💡 Climbing species like Hoya australis or Hoya carnosa love support — it helps them grow fuller and bloom better.

Can I grow my Hoya in a hanging basket?

Yes. Hanging baskets suit trailing Hoyas like:

Hoya bella

Hoya linearis

Hoya retusa

💡 These species naturally cascade and look stunning when elevated.

Do Hoyas need special care in winter?

Sort of. They don’t go dormant but growth may slow due to:

Lower light

Cooler temps

Tips:

It's all very dependent on your setup.

Move closer to light source

Reduce watering slightly (but don’t let them bone-dry)

Avoid cold drafts or radiators

Keep routine consistent — Hoyas dislike sudden changes

📌 Read our comprehensive article on Winter Care for Tropical Houseplants to find out more (and in detail!)

Can Hoyas grow outdoors?

Yes — in warm, humid climates (minimum night temps above 10°C).

Outdoors:

Keep in shade or filtered light

Protect from direct midday sun

Bring inside before cold weather hits

How long do Hoyas live?

With proper care, Hoyas can live decades. Some become heirloom plants passed down through generations.

Do all Hoyas need the same care?

Basic care is similar, but needs vary by species. Examples:

Hoya linearis – needs more humidity and cooler temps

Hoya kerrii – very slow grower, sensitive to overwatering

Hoya carnosa – tough and adaptable

Hoya curtisii – compact, loves humidity, slower rooter

Hoya obovata – big, thick leaves, prefers bright light

❗ Know your species or cultivar to tailor care.

💡 Did you know? Each species and variety in our shop has its own, detailed and very comprehensive description, care guide and tips.

What’s the difference between Hoya carnosa, Hoya compacta & Hoya pubicalyx?

Hoya carnosa – Flat, waxy leaves; classic look

Hoya compacta – Twisted, curled carnosa cultivar; slower growing

Hoya pubicalyx – Splashy, elongated leaves; fast grower; blooms young

Delicate Hoya retusa flowers — a quiet reward for patient growers.

🍂 Hoya Leaf Appearance, Color Changes & Pruning: FAQs on Maintenance & Aesthetics

Why are my Hoya’s leaves turning red, purple, or bronze?

This is called sun stress. It’s not always bad — some species develop beautiful red or bronze tones in strong light:

Hoya australis ‘Lisa’

Hoya 'Sunrise'

Hoya callistophylla

✅ Mild stress = cosmetic

❌ Severe stress = crispy edges, burned spots

If unsure, reduce light intensity slightly and monitor for damage.

Is sun stress bad for Hoyas?

Not necessarily.

✅ Mild sun stress brings out color and doesn’t harm the plant

❌ Too much = leaf burn, slowed growth, dehydration

Watch for white patches or browning — a sign the balance is off.

How can I keep my Hoya leaves looking healthy and clean?

Wipe leaves gently with a damp microfiber cloth or microfibre leaf gloves every few weeks

Avoid using leaf shine sprays

Clean leaves also prevent pests by removing dust and residue

Why are my Hoya’s leaves curling or folding?

Possible causes:

Low humidity

Water stress (too wet or too dry)

Temperature drop

Thrips or mites (check underside of leaves)

How can I make my Hoya bushier?

To encourage fuller growth:

Prune long vines just above a node

Provide bright, indirect light

Fertilize monthly

Support climbing species with a pole or hoop

💡 Some species are naturally sparse (e.g. Hoya retusa), so set expectations by type.

Should I prune my Hoya regularly?

Yes — pruning:

Shapes the plant

Stimulates new growth

Helps control legginess

💡 Always use clean scissors and cut just above a node.

⚠️ Never cut peduncles (flower stalks).

Can I cut off leggy vines on my Hoya?

Yes. Leggy growth usually happens due to low light.

Pruning:

Redirects energy to fuller growth

Helps your plant look balanced

Save the cuttings for propagation!

Do I need to remove old, yellow, or damaged leaves?

Yes — carefully. Old leaves naturally yellow and fall. If they look:

Crispy = dry air

Wet or mushy = overwatering

❗ Remove by snipping at the base of the stem — never yank.

Can I shape my Hoya around a trellis or hoop?

Absolutely. Train vines by gently wrapping them around:

Trellises

Moss poles

Wire hoops

Secure loosely with plant clips or soft ties.

This not only looks great but helps with bloom production too.

🚫 Toxicity, Lifespan, Outdoor Growth & Collector-Level Hoya FAQs

Are Hoyas toxic to pets?

Hoyas are considered non-toxic or low-toxicity to cats and dogs.

⚠️ That said:

Ingestion can still cause mild digestive upset (drooling, vomiting) and mild stomach upset.

Always keep out of reach of curious pets — some Hoyas have sticky sap or tender new growth that could irritate mouths.

Can I grow Hoyas outdoors?

Yes, but only if:

Temperatures stay above 10°C

They’re in bright shade or dappled light (not full sun)

Humidity is naturally moderate to high

❗ Bring them inside before autumn chills hit. In Mediterranean and tropical climates, Hoyas can thrive outdoors year-round.

Do Hoyas need dormancy in winter?

Not true dormancy — they’re evergreens. But in winter:

Growth may slow

Watering needs may drop

Flowering typically pauses

If this happens, maintain warmth and light, but reduce watering and feeding slightly.

📌 Read our comprehensive article on Winter Care for Tropical Houseplants to find out more (and in detail!)

Can I collect different Hoyas in one space?

Absolutely. Hoyas are one of the most diverse aroid-adjacent genera, with hundreds of species and cultivars to explore.

Tips for a collection:

Use plant ID tags

Group by care level (some need high humidity)

Rotate plants for even light exposure

Quarantine new acquisitions to prevent pest spread

What are the best Hoyas for beginners?

Top easy-care picks:

Hoya carnosa (green or variegated)

Hoya pubicalyx

Hoya australis 'Lisa'

Hoya obovata

💡 These tolerate varied light, root easily, and grow quickly under the right conditions.

What Hoyas are harder to care for?

Examples of pickier species:

Hoya linearis – loves high humidity and cool air

Hoya curtisii – slow-growing, compact, needs high airflow

Hoya kerrii – adorable but slow, prone to rot if overwatered

❗ Don’t start your collection with single-node leaf cuttings of kerrii — they won’t grow into full plants.

Why isn’t my single-leaf Hoya kerrii growing?

Most “single-leaf” Kerrii plants sold by growers are just decorative cuttings without nodes.

No node = no growth. You need a leaf + node combo for a real plant.

Can I mix different Hoya species in one pot?

Not recommended long-term. Growth rates, water needs, and root systems vary. Keep species separate to:

Prevent competition

Avoid one outgrowing the other

Better manage care and identification

Do Hoyas change appearance as they mature?

Yes. Some develop:

Thicker leaves

More prominent veining

Longer internodes

Different bloom color intensities

💡 Immature Hoyas often look very different from their mature counterparts.

🪴 Wrap-Up: Take Your Hoya Knowledge Further

Every Hoya grows differently — but with this guide, you’ve got the core answers to nearly every care question. Still curious?

➜ Prefer a detailed, step-by-step care guide instead?

Check out the article “Hoya Happiness: Guide to Growing and Caring for Hoya Plants Indoors” – a comprehensive resource for every Hoya fan.

🌿 Explore Hoya Varieties & Genus Info

Not sure how Hoya serpens compares to Hoya curtisii? Wondering which Hoyas thrive in heat or crave humidity?

➜ Visit our Hoya genus overview — packed with leaf types, growth habits, species breakdowns, and tips for choosing the right Hoya for your home.

🛒 Shop All Hoya Plants

Looking for a sun-stressed Hoya ‘Sunrise’ or a lush trailing Hoya linearis?

From beginner picks to rare collector favorites — all shipped with care, backed by our 28-day guarantee.

➜ Browse the full Hoya collection in the shop — and find your next plant obsession.

📌 Want to Learn More About Hoyas?

If you’re ready to go beyond care basics, here’s a list of deeper reading — from detailed species profiles to scientific studies.

Kloppenburg, D. (n.d.). Hoya New, Vol. 9. Self-published monograph with species descriptions and diagnostic drawings.

Link

Kloppenburg, D. (1999). Hoya Basics: A Beginner's Guide to Growing and Caring for Hoyas. Hill 'n Dale Publishing Company. 44

Google Books link

Kloppenburg, D., & Wayman, A. (1992). The Hoya Handbook: A Guide for the Grower & Collector. Self-published. 96 pages.

Link

Syed, A., Zakaria, R., Rosazlina, R., Akomolafe, G., Edzham, S., & Azmi, F. (2021). The Diversity of Hoya (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) in Some Parts of Kedah and Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 44, 193–203.

Link

Wanntorp, L., Grudinski, M., Forster, P., Muellner-Riehl, A., & Grimm, G. (2014). Wax plants (Hoya, Apocynaceae) evolution: Epiphytism drives successful radiation. Taxon, 63, 89–102.

Link

Scott, H., & Buot Jr, I. (2022). Leaf architectural analysis of taxonomically ambiguous Hoya lacunosa Blume and Hoya krohniana Kloppenb. & Siar. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 23.

Link

Rahayu, S., Fakhrurrozi, Y., & Fuady Putra, H. (2018). Hoya species of Belitung Island, Indonesia, utilization and conservation. Biodiversitas, 19, 369–376.

Link

Baltazar, A. M., & Buot Jr, I. (2019). Controversies on Hoya R. Br. Taxonomy. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology, 13, 59–68.

Link

Alam, N., Siddique, W., Mishra, M. K., Pandey, A., Purshottam, D. K., Singh, K. J., Tewari, S. K., & Chakrabarty, D. (2023). Micropropagation of Hoya carnosa, H. kerrii, H. parasitica, and H. longifolia using tray-based floating and stationary hydroponic systems. Scientia Horticulturae, 311, 111804.

Link

Wanntorp, L., Kocyan, A., & Renner, S. S. (2006). Wax plants disentangled: A phylogeny of Hoya (Marsdenieae, Apocynaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 39(3), 722–733.

Link

POWO (Plants of the World Online).

Hoya R. Br. taxonomic data.

https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60437256-2

GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility).

Hoya species biodiversity records.